Revolution of Forms

They say that during the Cuban Missile Crisis, to show their unconcern, Fidel Castro and Che Guevara went golfing for the cameras at the Havana Golf Club. There and then, they decided to turn the course into an art school, featuring schools of theatre, dance, and visual art. The architects planned a revolution of forms (the name of John Loomis’ great book about the experiment http://www.amazon.com/Revolution-Forms-Cubas-Forgotten-Schools/dp/1568981570/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1276031751&sr=8-1)

The Schools’ forms were sinuous, organic, sexy, based on Afro-Carribean villages, winding passageways and Catalan vaults.

But as the Soviets took more control there was a clampdown: the design was too idiosyncratic and not International in style.

In a speech in 1954, called “Remove Shortcomings in Design, Improve Work of Architects”, Nikita Khrushchev had laid it out:

“We have tolerated shortcomings in training architects. Many young architects who have barely crossed the thresholds of the institute and have not yet got properly on their feet follow the example of masters of architecture and wish to design only buildings of an individual character, are in a hurry to build monuments to themselves. Many architects want to create monuments to themselves ‘wrought by human hands’ in the form of buildings built according to individualized designs” [Laughter, applause]

The architects of the Art Schools, Roberto Gotardi (from Venice), Ricardo Porro (Cuban), and Vittorio Garrati (Italian) had made “errors”. They were accused of

  • “individualism”,
  • “monumentalism”,
  • “historicism”,
  • “utopianism”,
  • “formalism”,
  • “grandiloquence”,
  • and being driven by “aesthetic criteria” rather than “socialist rigor”.
  • They were “elitists” and “cultural aristocrats” whose work exhibited their “narcissistic and bourgeois” formation.

    [These and the Khrushchev quotes are from Loomis’ terrific book, Revolution of Forms.]

Work on the schools was halted in 1965. The dance school was 90% complete.

Porro was purged from the Ministry of Construction – “like the removal of certain individuals from photographs”, he said – and he and his family left for Paris.

Garatti was imprisoned for three weeks on charges of espionage and expelled from Cuba.

Only Gotardi remained.

Gotardi says, “We were accused of being individualists and capitalists.” He was pretty much tarred and feathered, stomped on for his architecture. Since his work on the school, he has taught and designed Soviet-style pre-fabricated apartment blocks.

As an Italian he could have left Cuba at any time. But he stayed.

Why would he do that? He had to choose between his love of architecture and his love of the revolution. Or maybe his love of his Cuban wife or of the laid back Caribbean life. Maybe the answer is best expressed in an opera. There’s one in progress, by Robert Wilson. Here’s a clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbggbSJY02M.

He said that when he graduated from architecture school he realized that he couldn’t survive in the Capitalist environment. He refused to answer when asked how the Cuban system had worked out for him.

This model is at the Graham Foundation, a mansion in Chicago’s Gold Coast. It shows how the completed school would look.


Felipe Dulzaides’ show there, Utopia Posible, tells the story. Here’s a review from Time Out Chicago: http://chicago.timeout.com/articles/art-design/85519/felipe-dulzaides-at-the-grahan-foundation-art-review

When Felipe and I visited the school in 1999, talking our way past the guard, the jungle had taken over. Here are some pictures I took at the time:



The buildings got more and more rundown until Loomis’ book came to Castro’s attention and the World Heritage Fund took notice. Planning work has started up again – and stopped again. Something about not enough bricks.

If you know a lot of architects you probably know a lot of unemployed architects. Maybe this is a bigger problem in San Francisco than elsewhere because so many architects want to live here. Or maybe it’s worse in other places because there’s even less work. And even the ones with jobs don’t seem that happy: having to please clients and planners and neighbors all the time. Compromising.

I guess, though, that there is some comfort in knowing that the charges that killed the careers in Cuba of Gotardi, Porro and Garratti: individualism, monumentalism, aesthetics, are what make careers here. And we’ve got plenty of bricks.


Phoenix by Lake Merced

When I think of the housing bust, I picture tract housing on the edges of cities like Phoenix, the kind of places where half the houses are in foreclosure, promised amenities never get built, and the remaining homeowners struggle to hang on in an area without jobs .  We’ve done a pretty good job of dodging that bullet here in San Francisco.

But out by Lake Merced there’s a sad example of the cost of the “irrational exuberance” that led to the housing debacle: Parkmerced.   Actually, Park Merced is a great icon of two historic follies. It was built for drivers, isolated from shops and jobs. At 28 units per acre it’s about half as dense as the city’s average. And now the owners are joining legions of less-sophisticated homeowners into default.

For many of the homeowners in default, their original plan made sense. They wanted, in many cases, a home for the family in a safe neighborhood. The American Dream.  A lender assured them that they could handle the costs and that the value would keep going up.  Don’t worry about the small print.

Parkmerced’s story is similar to that of two other enormous properties, these in Manhattan.  For $5.4 billion (the largest  real estate deal  ever for a property), Tishman Speyer bought Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village. Estimated value today: $1.9 billion.  Poof:  $3.5 billion up in smoke. Half a billion has been written off by Calpers, the pension fund for California workers.

These 80- acres of buildings, with over 11,000 apartments, are a huge part of Manhattan’s middle-class housing stock.  My cousins, a schoolteacher and an editor, lived there.  Tishman Speyer’s plan, according to the New York Times: “replace rent-regulated residents with tenants willing to pay higher market-rate rents”.  And they had to: rents covered less than one third of the debt service on the loan.  Of course, they lost the buildings.

We’ll see how the Parkmerced saga unwinds. The owners, Stellar Management are in default on a $550 million mortgage.   It would be a shame if their plan to increase density and sustainability gets lost in the wreckage.  Fortunately, existing tenants are protected from becoming collateral damage of this speculation.

The homeowner who got in over his or head and is now underwater is nothing like the brains who got Calpers and the other lenders into this pickle.   He or she is probably not very well educated, young, and naïve. Many of them lost jobs in construction, building homes like their own for the buyers who never came.

But Tishman Speyer and the owners of Parkmerced, Stellar Management, are highly educated, savvy in the fantasy world of spreadsheets, as are the loan underwriters at Calpers and the banks.  This is what they do for a living.

They should have known better. Or cared more.

Fond memories of Harvey Milk

Tomorrow is Harvey Milk Day here in California. It would have been his 80th birthday.

From 2010, it’s hard to remember how different San Francisco was then. We didn’t yet see the graphic reminders of AIDS on every bus and, in some neighborhoods, every street – the skeletal men with red blotches on their faces. People’s Temple was a respected political army, until their utopian experiment ended so tragically in the jungle of Guyana. San Francisco hadn’t yet lost a certain innocence.

We didn’t have rent control yet, and when I spoke to a reporter about a rent increase (affecting an elderly Irish-American couple on Dolores Street, both with cancer) I was suspended from my job at the Human Rights Commission. Harvey championed me:

Harvey’s resolution against ‘gag orders”

I recall when I would visit Harvey in his City Hall office. In the small anteroom, he papered the walls with hate mail that he received: really vile threatening letters. He was under siege. But at least at the time he felt close to Dan White, another outsider on the Board.

I mostly worked with Harvey on legislation which would impose a new tax on housing speculators. We even produced this leaflet in support of the legislation:

This at a time when a house in a good neighborhood in San Francisco cost $30,000. Some things in this city have gotten worse. But a lot has improved. We have rent control. Plans are in place to prevent Downtown from wiping out the Tenderloin and Chinatown and to prevent any more International Hotel evictions. Friends I thought would be long gone from AIDS are living healthy lives.

One last memory of Harvey, my most vivid recollection.

At a meeting in the back of his camera store someone referred to a man as “mentally unbalanced”. Harvey started laughing:  “Balanced? Who’s balanced? You think I’m balanced?” And he laughed so hard he slid off the couch onto the floor. We watched our new Supervisor, in hysterics on the floor at the idea that anyone would mistake him for “balanced”.

To you, a happy Harvey Milk Day

Chicago celebrates planning and architecture like no place else.

The Architectural Foundation has 400 volunteer docents leading tours crisscrossing the city on land and water. I took two of the tours last week.

From Louis Sullivan to Mies van der Rohe to Frank Lloyd Wright to Renzo Piano, this is the place.

When the public library launched its “One Book One Chicago” campaign it picked “The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City”.

What was the idea of these plans? Here’s how some panels at the Architectural Foundation tell it:

But can an urban plan really bring order out of chaos? You’d have to be Albert Speer to believe that.

Planning and architecture are part of it, but cities’ problems are as readily addressed as economic, cultural, public safety, environmental and educational challenges. It’s complicated.

And sometimes the results are small and surprising. At the corner of Castro and 18th, this makeshift memorial salutes a beat cop who passed away last week. I was touched by this note:

Thanks for getting me off the street. You will be missed.

Sometimes it’s the human touch, one person caring about another, that can best address chaos.

Form Foils Function reposted by Planetizen

Here’s a piece I wrote on the myth of public participation in planning decisions here in San Francisco.

As soon as Planetizen posted it I got an email from the “Supervisor of Public Consultation, City of Toronto” to tell me that it is the same there.  I wonder if there is a good working model for bringing the real public into city planning – and what kind of city results from it.

http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/formfoilsfunction01012007

1 impression of Buenos Aires

Why are the sidewalks in Buenos Aires so messed up?

Not in the swanky neighborhood of Recoleta, but in most neighborhoodsa sidewalk is an obstacle course. Not even including the dog shit.

Each property owner seems to be responsible for the pavers in front of his or her building, so every thirty feet or so there is a different material in a different pattern. But each patch has gaping holes.  Maybe the different tiles bash up against each other.  Or maybe they don’t lay enough drainage under them. I wondered if crews come out at night to trash the sidewalks so that crews can be hired during the day to fix them.  Here’s a theory from a cynical friend: people don’t sue each other enough.  An Argentine acquaintance said it’s “corruption”.  But you can have plenty of corruption and decent sidewalks.

A mystery.

Another mystery

Frequently Asked Questions About Frederick J. Kiesler

frequently asked questions about frederick j. kiesler
You may not have any questions about Frederick J. Kiesler and probably you never heard of him.  But this link will take you to what you should know about him.

I wrote this and hope you enjoy it.  Any more questions, just let me know.

Habitat

In the past year or so, I’ve been to Paris, Barcelona, New York, Montreal, and Buenos Aires. In two weeks, Chicago.

I’ll be posting impressions on upcoming posts.  For today, Habitat.

I’d first seen it at the time it was built, for the Expo 67 World’s Fair.  It turned out to be another example of World’s Fairs glimpses of a future that never came around.  Like something from Sleeper.  But it thrilled me at the time.

Now, not so much. On an island, separated from the City by industry and shipping, car-reliant. The critical mass originally planned to make it more of a self-contained community never happened.  A World Heritage Site, it sits isolated.